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ABOUT REMOTE TROUBLESHOOTING
SHORT DESCRIPTION
Describes how to troubleshoot remote operations in PowerShell.
LONG DESCRIPTION
This section describes some of the problems that you might encounter when
using the remoting features of PowerShell that are based on WS-Management
technology and it suggests solutions to these problems.
Before using PowerShell remoting, see about_Remote and
about_Remote_Requirements for guidance on configuration and basic use.
Also, the Help topics for each of the remoting cmdlets, particularly the
parameter descriptions, have useful information that is designed to help
you avoid problems.
[!NOTE] To view or change settings for the local computer in the WSMan:
drive, including changes to the session configurations, trusted hosts,
ports, or listeners, start PowerShell with the "Run as administrator"
option.
TROUBLESHOOTING PERMISSION AND AUTHENTICATION ISSUES
This section discusses remoting problems that are related to user and
computer permissions and remoting requirements.
HOW TO RUN AS ADMINISTRATOR
ERROR: Access is denied. You need to run this cmdlet from an elevated
process.
To start a remote session on the local computer, or to view or change
settings for the local computer in the WSMan: drive, including changes to
the session configurations, trusted hosts, ports, or listeners, start
Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator" option.
To start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator option:
- Right-click a Windows PowerShell (or Windows PowerShell ISE) icon and
then click "Run as administrator.
To start Windows PowerShell with the "Run as administrator option in
Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.
- In the Windows taskbar, right-click the Windows PowerShell icon, and
then click "Run as Administrator."
In Windows Server 2008 R2, the Windows PowerShell icon is pinned to the
taskbar by default.
HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
or
ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.
No configuration is required to enable a computer to send remote commands.
However, to receive remote commands, PowerShell remoting must be enabled on
the computer. Enabling includes starting the WinRM service, setting the
startup type for the WinRM service to Automatic, creating listeners for
HTTP and HTTPS connections, and creating default session configurations.
Windows PowerShell remoting is enabled on Windows Server 2012 and newer
releases of Windows Server by default. On all other systems, run the
Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to enable remoting. You can also run the
Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to re-enable remoting on Windows Server 2012 and
newer releases of Windows Server if remoting is disabled.
To configure a computer to receive remote commands, use the
Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet. The following command enables all required remote
settings, enables the session configurations, and restarts the WinRM
service to make the changes effective.
Enable-PSRemoting
To suppress all user prompts, type:
Enable-PSRemoting -Force
For more information, see Enable-PSRemoting.
HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING IN AN ENTERPRISE
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
or
ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.
To enable a single computer to receive remote PowerShell commands and
accept connections, use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet.
To enable remoting for multiple computers in an enterprise, you can use the
following scaled options.
- To configure listeners for remoting, enable the "Allow automatic
configuration of listeners" group policy. For instructions, see "How to
Enable Listeners by Using a Group Policy" (below).
- To set the startup type of the Windows Remote Management (WinRM) to
Automatic on multiple computers, use the Set-Service cmdlet. For
instructions, see "How to Set the Startup Type of the WinrM Service"
(below).
- To enable a firewall exception, use the "Windows Firewall: Allow Local
Port Exceptions" group policy. For instructions, see "How to Create a
Firewall Exception by Using a Group Policy" (below).
HOW TO ENABLE LISTENERS BY USING A GROUP POLICY
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
or
ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to listen
for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.
To configure the listeners for all computers in a domain, enable the "Allow
automatic configuration of listeners" policy in the following Group Policy
path:
Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Windows Components \Windows
Remote Management (WinRM)\WinRM service
Enable the policy and specify the IPv4 and IPv6 filters. Wildcards (*) are
permitted.
HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING ON PUBLIC NETWORKS
ERROR: Unable to check the status of the firewall
The Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet returns this error when the local network is
public and the SkipNetworkProfileCheck parameter is not used in the
command.
On server versions of Windows, Enable-PSRemoting succeeds on all network
location types. It creates firewall rules that allow remote access to
private and domain ("Home" and "Work") networks. For public networks, it
creates firewall rules that allows remote access from the same local
subnet.
On client versions of Windows, Enable-PSRemoting succeeds on private and
domain networks. By default, it fails on public networks, but if you use
the SKIPNETWORKPROFILECHECK parameter, Enable-PSRemoting succeeds and
creates a firewall rule that allows traffic from the same local subnet.
To remove the local subnet restriction on public networks and allow remote
access from any location, run the following command:
Set-NetFirewallRule -Name "WINRM-HTTP-In-TCP-PUBLIC" -RemoteAddress Any
The Set-NetFirewallRule cmdlet is exported by the NetSecurity module.
[!NOTE] In Windows PowerShell 2.0, on computers running server versions
of Windows, Enable-PSRemoting creates firewall rules that allow remote
access on private, domain and public networks. On computers running
client versions of Windows, Enable-PSRemoting creates firewall rules that
allow remote access only on private and domain networks.
HOW TO ENABLE A FIREWALL EXCEPTION BY USING A GROUP POLICY
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
or
ERROR: The connection to the remote host was refused. Verify that the
WS-Management service is running on the remote host and configured to
listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.
To enable a firewall exception for in all computers in a domain, enable the
"Windows Firewall: Allow local port exceptions" policy in the following
Group Policy path:
Computer Configuration\Administrative Templates\Network \Network
Connections\Windows Firewall\Domain Profile
This policy allows members of the Administrators group on the computer to
use Windows Firewall in Control Panel to create a firewall exception for
the Windows Remote Management service.
HOW TO SET THE STARTUP TYPE OF THE WINRM SERVICE
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
PowerShell remoting depends upon the Windows Remote Management (WinRM)
service. The service must be running to support remote commands.
On server versions of Windows, the startup type of the Windows Remote
Management (WinRM) service is Automatic.
However, on client versions of Windows, the WinRM service is disabled by
default.
To set the startup type of a service on a remote computer, use the
Set-Service cmdlet.
To run the command on multiple computers, you can create a text file or CSV
file of the computer names.
For example, the following commands get a list of computer names from the
Servers.txt file and then sets the startup type of the WinRM service on all
of the computers to Automatic.
$servers = Get-Content servers.txt
Set-Service WinRM -ComputerName $servers -startuptype Automatic
To see the results use the Get-WMIObject cmdlet with the WIN32_SERVICE
object. For more information, see Set-Service.
HOW TO RECREATE THE DEFAULT SESSION CONFIGURATIONS
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
To connect to the local computer and run commands remotely, the local
computer must include session configurations for remote commands.
When you use Enable-PSRemoting, it creates default session configurations
on the local computer. Remote users use these session configurations
whenever a remote command does not include the ConfigurationName parameter.
If the default configurations on a computer are unregistered or deleted,
use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to recreate them. You can use this cmdlet
repeatedly. It does not generate errors if a feature is already configured.
If you change the default session configurations and want to restore the
original default session configurations, use the
Unregister-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet to delete the changed session
configurations and then use the Enable-PSRemoting cmdlet to restore them.
Enable-PSRemoting does not change existing session configurations.
[!NOTE] When Enable-PSRemoting restores the default session
configuration, it does not create explicit security descriptors for the
configurations. Instead, the configurations inherit the security
descriptor of the RootSDDL, which is secure by default.
To see the RootSDDL security descriptor, type:
Get-Item wsman:\localhost\Service\RootSDDL
To change the RootSDDL, use the Set-Item cmdlet in the WSMan: drive. To
change the security descriptor of a session configuration, use the
Set-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet with the SECURITYDESCRIPTORSDDL or
SHOWSECURITYDESCRIPTORUI parameters.
For more information about the WSMan: drive, see the Help topic for the
WSMan provider ("Get-Help wsman").
HOW TO PROVIDE ADMINISTRATOR CREDENTIALS
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
To create a PSSession or run commands on a remote computer, by default, the
current user must be a member of the Administrators group on the remote
computer. Credentials are sometimes required even when the current user is
logged on to an account that is a member of the Administrators group.
If the current user is a member of the Administrators group on the remote
computer, or can provide the credentials of a member of the Administrators
group, use the Credential parameter of the New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession
or Invoke-Command cmdlets to connect remotely.
For example, the following command provides the credentials of an
Administrator.
Invoke-Command -ComputerName Server01 -Credential Domain01\Admin01
For more information about the CREDENTIAL parameter, see New-PSSession,
Enter-PSSession or Invoke-Command.
HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING FOR NON-ADMINISTRATIVE USERS
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
To establish a PSSession or run a command on a remote computer, the user
must have permission to use the session configurations on the remote
computer.
By default, only members of the Administrators group on a computer have
permission to use the default session configurations. Therefore, only
members of the Administrators group can connect to the computer remotely.
To allow other users to connect to the local computer, give the user
Execute permissions to the default session configurations on the local
computer.
The following command opens a property sheet that lets you change the
security descriptor of the default Microsoft.PowerShell session
configuration on the local computer.
Set-PSSessionConfiguration Microsoft.PowerShell -ShowSecurityDescriptorUI
For more information, see about_Session_Configurations.
HOW TO ENABLE REMOTING FOR ADMINISTRATORS IN OTHER DOMAINS
ERROR: ACCESS IS DENIED
When a user in another domain is a member of the Administrators group on
the local computer, the user cannot connect to the local computer remotely
with Administrator privileges. By default, remote connections from other
domains run with only standard user privilege tokens.
However, you can use the LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy registry entry to
change the default behavior and allow remote users who are members of the
Administrators group to run with Administrator privileges.
[!CAUTION] The LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy entry disables user account
control (UAC) remote restrictions for all users of all affected
computers. Consider the implications of this setting carefully before
changing the policy.
To change the policy, use the following command to set the value of the
LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy registry entry to 1.
New-ItemProperty -Name LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy `
-Path HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System `
-PropertyType DWord -Value 1
HOW TO USE AN IP ADDRESS IN A REMOTE COMMAND
ERROR: The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the
authentication scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client
computer is not joined to a domain, then HTTPS transport must be used
or the destination machine must be added to the TrustedHosts
configuration setting.
The ComputerName parameters of the New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession and
Invoke-Command cmdlets accept an IP address as a valid value. However,
because Kerberos authentication does not support IP addresses, NTLM
authentication is used by default whenever you specify an IP address.
When using NTLM authentication, the following procedure is required for
remoting.
1. Configure the computer for HTTPS transport or add the IP addresses of
the remote computers to the TrustedHosts list on the local computer.
For instructions, see "How to Add a Computer to the TrustedHosts List"
below.
2. Use the Credential parameter in all remote commands.
This is required even when you are submitting the credentials of the
current user.
HOW TO CONNECT REMOTELY FROM A WORKGROUP-BASED COMPUTER
ERROR: The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the
authentication scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client
computer is not joined to a domain, then HTTPS transport must be used
or the destination machine must be added to the TrustedHosts
configuration setting.
When the local computer is not in a domain, the following procedure is
required for remoting.
1. Configure the computer for HTTPS transport or add the names of the
remote computers to the TrustedHosts list on the local computer.
For instructions, see "How to Add a Computer to the TrustedHosts List"
below.
2. Verify that a password is set on the workgroup-based computer. If a
password is not set or the password value is empty, you cannot run
remote commands.
To set password for your user account, use User Accounts in Control
Panel.
3. Use the Credential parameter in all remote commands.
This is required even when you are submitting the credentials of the
current user.
HOW TO ADD A COMPUTER TO THE TRUSTED HOSTS LIST
The TrustedHosts item can contain a comma-separated list of computer names,
IP addresses, and fully-qualified domain names. Wildcards are permitted.
To view or change the trusted host list, use the WSMan: drive. The
TrustedHost item is in the WSMan:\localhost\Client node.
Only members of the Administrators group on the computer have permission to
change the list of trusted hosts on the computer.
Caution: The value that you set for the TrustedHosts item affects all users
of the computer.
To view the list of trusted hosts, use the following command:
Get-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts
You can also use the Set-Location cmdlet (alias = cd) to navigate though
the WSMan: drive to the location. For example:
cd WSMan:\localhost\Client; dir
To add all computers to the list of trusted hosts, use the following
command, which places a value of * (all) in the ComputerName
Set-Item wsman:localhost\client\trustedhosts -Value *
You can also use a wildcard character (*) to add all computers in a
particular domain to the list of trusted hosts. For example, the following
command adds all of the computers in the Fabrikam domain to the list of
trusted hosts.
Set-Item wsman:localhost\client\trustedhosts *.fabrikam.com
To add the names of particular computers to the list of trusted hosts, use
the following command format:
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value <ComputerName>
where each value <ComputerName> must have the following format:
<Computer>.<Domain>.<Company>.<top-level-domain>
For example:
$server = 'Server01.Domain01.Fabrikam.com'
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value $server
To add a computer name to an existing list of trusted hosts, first save the
current value in a variable, and then set the value to a comma-separated
list that includes the current and new values.
For example, to add the Server01 computer to an existing list of trusted
hosts, use the following command
$curValue = (Get-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts).value
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value `
"$curValue, Server01.Domain01.Fabrikam.com"
To add the IP addresses of particular computers to the list of trusted
hosts, use the following command format:
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value <IP Address>
For example:
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value 172.16.0.0
To add a computer to the TrustedHosts list of a remote computer, use the
Connect-WSMan cmdlet to add a node for the remote computer to the WSMan:
drive on the local computer. Then use a Set-Item command to add the
computer.
For more information about the Connect-WSMan cmdlet, see Connect-WSMan.
TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER CONFIGURATION ISSUES
This section discusses remoting problems that are related to particular
configurations of a computer, domain, or enterprise.
HOW TO CONFIGURE REMOTING ON ALTERNATE PORTS
ERROR: The connection to the specified remote host was refused. Verify
that the WS-Management service is running on the remote host and
configured to listen for requests on the correct port and HTTP URL.
Windows PowerShell remoting uses port 80 for HTTP transport by default. The
default port is used whenever the user does not specify the ConnectionURI
or Port parameters in a remote command.
To change the default port that Windows PowerShell uses, use Set-Item
cmdlet in the WSMan: drive to change the Port value in the listener leaf
node.
For example, the following command changes the default port to 8080.
Set-Item wsman:\localhost\listener\listener*\port -Value 8080
HOW TO CONFIGURE REMOTING WITH A PROXY SERVER
ERROR: The client cannot connect to the destination specified in the
request. Verify that the service on the destination is running and is
accepting requests.
Because PowerShell remoting uses the HTTP protocol, it is affected by HTTP
proxy settings. In enterprises that have proxy servers, users cannot access
a PowerShell remote computer directly.
To resolve this problem, use proxy setting options in your remote command.
The following settings are available:
- ProxyAccessType
- ProxyAuthentication
- ProxyCredential
To set these options for a particular command, use the following procedure:
1. Use the ProxyAccessType, ProxyAuthentication, and ProxyCredential
parameters of the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet to create a session option
object with the proxy settings for your enterprise. Save the option
object is a variable.
2. Use the variable that contains the option object as the value of the
SessionOption parameter of a New-PSSession, Enter-PSSession, or
Invoke-Command command.
For example, the following command creates a session option object with
proxy session options and then uses the object to create a remote session.
$SessionOption = New-PSSessionOption -ProxyAccessType IEConfig `
-ProxyAuthentication Negotiate -ProxyCredential Domain01\User01
New-PSSession -ConnectionURI https://www.fabrikam.com
For more information about the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet, see
New-PSSessionOption.
To set these options for all remote commands in the current session, use
the option object that New-PSSessionOption creates in the value of the
$PSSessionOption preference variable. For more information about the
$PSSessionOption preference variable, see about_Preference_Variables.
To set these options for all remote commands all PowerShell sessions on the
local computer, add the $PSSessionOption preference variable to your
PowerShell profile. For more information about PowerShell profiles, see
about_Profiles.
HOW TO DETECT A 32-BIT SESSION ON A 64-BIT COMPUTER
ERROR: The term "<tool-Name>" is not recognized as the name of a cmdlet,
function, script file, or operable program. Check the spelling of the
name, or if a path was included, verify that the path is correct and try
again.
If the remote computer is running a 64-bit version of Windows, and the
remote command is using a 32-bit session configuration, such as
Microsoft.PowerShell32, Windows Remote Management (WinRM) loads a WOW64
process and Windows automatically redirects all references to the
$env:Windir\System32 directory to the $env:Windir\SysWOW64 directory.
As a result, if you try to use tools in the System32 directory that do not
have counterparts in the SysWow64 directory, such as DEFRAG.EXE, the tools
cannot be found in the directory.
To find the processor architecture that is being used in the session, use
the value of the PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE environment variable. The following
command finds the processor architecture of the session in the $s variable.
$s = New-PSSession -ComputerName Server01 -ConfigurationName CustomShell
Invoke-Command -Session $s {$env:PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE}
x86
For more information about session configurations, see
about_Session_Configurations.
TROUBLESHOOTING POLICY AND PREFERENCE ISSUES
This section discusses remoting problems that are related to policies and
preferences set on the local and remote computers.
HOW TO CHANGE THE EXECUTION POLICY FOR IMPORT-PSSESSION AND IMPORT-MODULE
ERROR: Import-Module: File <filename> cannot be loaded because the
execution of scripts is disabled on this system.
The Import-PSSession and Export-PSSession cmdlets create modules that
contains unsigned script files and formatting files.
To import the modules that are created by these cmdlets, either by using
Import-PSSession or Import-Module, the execution policy in the current
session cannot be Restricted or AllSigned. (For information about Windows
PowerShell execution policies, see about_Execution_Policies.
To import the modules without changing the execution policy for the local
computer that is set in the registry, use the Scope parameter of
Set-ExecutionPolicy to set a less restrictive execution policy for a single
process.
For example, the following command starts a process with the RemoteSigned
execution policy. The execution policy change affects only the current
process and does not change the PowerShell ExecutionPolicy registry
setting.
Set-ExecutionPolicy -Scope process -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
You can also use the ExecutionPolicy parameter of POWERSHELL.EXE to start a
single session with a less restrictive execution policy.
PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
For more information about the cmdlets, see Import-PSSession,
Export-PSSession, and Import-Module. For more information about execution
policies, see about_Execution_Policies. For more information about the
PowerShell.exe console help options, type "PowerShell.exe -?".
HOW TO SET AND CHANGE QUOTAS
ERROR: The total data received from the remote client exceeded allowed
maximum.
You can use quotas to protect the local computer and the remote computer
from excessive resource use, both accidental and malicious.
The following quotas are available in the basic configuration.
- The WSMan provider (WSMan:) provides several quota settings, such as
the MAXENVELOPESIZEKB and MAXPROVIDERREQUESTS settings in the
WSMan:<ComputerName> node and the MAXCONCURRENTOPERATIONS,
MAXCONCURRENTOPERATIONSPERUSER, and MAXCONNECTIONS settings in the
WSMan:<ComputerName>\Service node.
- You can protect the local computer by using the
MaximumReceivedDataSizePerCommand and MaximumReceivedObjectSize
parameters of the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet and the $PSSessionOption
preference variable.
- You can protect the remote computer by adding restrictions to the
session configurations, such as by using the
MAXIMUMRECEIVEDDATASIZEPERCOMMANDMB and MAXIMUMRECEIVEDOBJECTSIZEMB
parameters of the Register-PSSessionConfiguration cmdlet.
When quotas conflict with a command, PowerShell generates an error.
To resolve the error, change the remote command to comply with the quota.
Or, determine the source of the quota, and then increase the quota to allow
the command to complete.
For example, the following command increases the object size quota in the
Microsoft.PowerShell session configuration on the remote computer from 10
MB (the default value) to 11 MB.
Set-PSSessionConfiguration -Name microsoft.PowerShell `
-MaximumReceivedObjectSizeMB 11 -Force
For more information about the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet, see
New-PSSessionOption.
For more information about the WS-Management quotas, see
about_WSMan_Provider.
HOW TO RESOLVE TIMEOUT ERRORS
ERROR: The WS-Management service cannot complete the operation within
the time specified in OperationTimeout.
You can use timeouts to protect the local computer and the remote computer
from excessive resource use, both accidental and malicious. When timeouts
are set on both the local and remote computer, PowerShell uses the shortest
timeout settings.
The following timeouts are available in the basic configuration.
- The WSMan provider (WSMan:) provides several client-side and
service-side timeout settings, such as the MAXTIMEOUTMS setting in the
WSMan:<ComputerName> node and the ENUMERATIONTIMEOUTMS and
MAXPACKETRETRIEVALTIMESECONDS settings in the
WSMan:<ComputerName>\Service node.
- You can protect the local computer by using the CANCELTIMEOUT,
IDLETIMEOUT, OPENTIMEOUT, and OPERATIONTIMEOUT parameters of the
New-PSSessionOption cmdlet and the $PSSessionOption preference
variable.
- You can also protect the remote computer by setting timeout values
programmatically in the session configuration for the session.
When a timeout value does not permit a operation to complete, Windows
PowerShell terminates the operation and generates an error.
To resolve the error, change the command to complete within the timeout
interval or determine the source of the timeout limit and increase the
timeout interval to allow the command to complete.
For example, the following commands use the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet to
create a session option object with an OPERATIONTIMEOUT value of 4 minutes
(in MS) and then use the session option object to create a remote session.
$pso = New-PSSessionoption -OperationTimeout 240000
New-PSSession -ComputerName Server01 -sessionOption $pso
For more information about the WS-Management timeouts, see the Help topic
for the WSMan provider (type "Get-Help WSMan").
For more information about the New-PSSessionOption cmdlet, see
New-PSSessionOption.
TROUBLESHOOTING UNRESPONSIVE BEHAVIOR
This section discusses remoting problems that prevent a command from
completing and prevent or delay the return of the PowerShell prompt.
HOW TO INTERRUPT A COMMAND
Some native Windows programs, such as programs with a user interface,
console applications that prompt for input, and console applications that
use the Win32 console API, do not work correctly in the PowerShell remote
host.
When you use these programs, you might see unexpected behavior, such as no
output, partial output, or a remote command that does not complete.
To end an unresponsive program, type CTRL+C. To view any errors that might
have been reported, type $error in the local host and the remote session.
HOW TO RECOVER FROM AN OPERATION FAILURE
ERROR: The I/O operation has been aborted because of either a thread exit
or an application request.
This error is returned when an operation is terminated before it completes.
Typically, it occurs when the WinRM service stops or restarts while other
WinRM operations are in progress.
To resolve this issue, verify that the WinRM service is running and try the
command again.
1. Start PowerShell with the "Run as administrator" option.
2. Run the following command:
Start-Service WinRM
3. Re-run the command that generated the error.
SEE ALSO
about_Remote
about_Remote_Requirements
about_Remote_Variables